Oncology

• Clubbing of the fingers is commonly seen in patients with lung cancer. This sign is a result of chronic hypoxia associated with malignancies. [Q5619]
• The palate is the most common site for adenoid cystic carcinoma in the oral cavity. This carcinoma frequently exhibits perineural invasion, complicating treatment. [Q5673]
• The 5-year survival rate for T1N0M tumors is approximately 90%. Early-stage diagnosis significantly improves the prognosis for patients. [Q5690]
• Post-radiation therapy in dentistry can lead to complications such as xerostomia, mucositis, and osteoradionecrosis. Effective management of these side effects is crucial for patient quality of life. [Q5712]
• Fine needle aspiration is the preferable method to examine pleomorphic adenoma. This minimally invasive technique provides sufficient cellular samples for diagnosis. [Q5714]
• Dysplasia has the highest tendency to progress to malignancy among oral lesions. Regular monitoring and early intervention are essential to prevent malignant transformation. [Q5898]
• Leukoplakia, particularly with dysplastic changes, has a high potential to become malignant. Early detection and treatment are critical to reduce the risk of cancer. [Q5905]
• Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is associated with the development of Kaposi’s sarcoma. This virus plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of this vascular tumor. [Q6084]

Other

• Lysosomes are responsible for waste removal in cells, breaking down excess or worn-out cell parts. They contain digestive enzymes that degrade cellular debris. [Q4286]
• Raynaud’s phenomenon is a vascular disorder characterized by the discoloration of fingers and toes due to reduced blood flow. It often occurs in response to cold or stress. [Q5521]
• The Student’s t-test is a statistical test used to compare the means of two groups. It helps determine if there is a significant difference between the groups. [Q5529]
• All the listed subjects are core components of Continuing Professional Development (CPD). CPD ensures that dental professionals maintain and update their knowledge and skills. [Q5587]
• The critical pH of saliva below which demineralization starts is 5.5. Maintaining a higher pH can help protect teeth from acid-induced damage. [Q5589]
• Sympathetic action decreases salivation, leading to dry mouth. This can affect oral health by reducing the natural cleansing action of saliva. [Q5599]
• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is considered the first line of treatment for patients with bulimia or anorexia nervosa. It helps patients develop healthier eating behaviors and attitudes. [Q5602]
• The best concentration for chlorhexidine gel as an irrigant or dressing is 0.01%. This concentration is effective for antimicrobial action while minimizing side effects. [Q5609]
• Terry’s nails, characterized by white nail beds, can indicate liver disease and jaundice. This condition reflects underlying systemic health issues. [Q5617]
• Palmar erythema is often associated with liver disease. It presents as redness on the palms, particularly over the hypothenar eminence. [Q5618]
• Leukonychia, or white nails, is associated with nephrotic syndrome. It reflects underlying hypoalbuminemia and changes in nail bed capillaries. [Q5620]
• Heberden’s nodes are bony swellings that develop in the joints of patients with osteoarthritis. They commonly occur in the distal interphalangeal joints. [Q5621]
• Nail pitting is characteristic of psoriasis and lichen planus. These small depressions on the nail surface indicate underlying inflammatory conditions. [Q5622]
• Swan-neck deformity is a characteristic hand sign of rheumatoid arthritis. It involves hyperextension of the proximal interphalangeal joint and flexion of the distal interphalangeal joint. [Q5624]
• Premature birth is the main reason for neonatal respiratory distress syndrome due to immature lungs. These infants often require respiratory support and surfactant therapy. [Q5637]
• Cardiac arrhythmia is the primary risk associated with hyperkalemia. Elevated potassium levels can disrupt the normal electrical activity of the heart. [Q5638]
• The maximum duration for using a silicone splint in temporomandibular joint dysfunction is typically 8 weeks. Prolonged use beyond this period can lead to complications. [Q5645]
• Chest X-ray is the preferred initial method for detecting sarcoidosis. It helps identify characteristic lung changes associated with the disease. [Q5648]
• Acid reflux is a common cause of dental erosion due to the acidic content affecting tooth enamel. Managing reflux symptoms can help prevent further dental damage. [Q5671]
• Normal resting flow rate of saliva is 0.5-1.0 mL/min. Adequate saliva production is essential for maintaining oral health and preventing tooth decay. [Q5687]
• Bicarbonate ions play a buffering role in saliva, neutralizing acids and maintaining oral pH balance. This helps protect teeth from demineralization. [Q5727]
• Pressure pain is commonly associated with sinusitis due to the buildup of mucus and pressure in the sinuses. Treatment typically involves decongestants and pain relief. [Q5745]
• Triptans are commonly used to treat migraines. They work by targeting serotonin receptors to reduce inflammation and constrict blood vessels. [Q5778]
• NSAIDs are commonly used for the treatment of tension headaches. These medications help reduce inflammation and alleviate pain. [Q5779]
• Stainless steel surfaces are preferred in clinical environments due to their durability, ease of cleaning, and resistance to corrosion. They help maintain a sterile working area. [Q5794]
• Burning mouth syndrome can be associated with systemic diseases such as vitamin B12 deficiency, diabetes mellitus, and hypothyroidism. Identifying and treating the underlying condition can alleviate symptoms. [Q5796]
• When a patient with Bell’s palsy smiles, their mouth deviates to the unaffected side. This condition results from unilateral facial nerve paralysis. [Q5821]
• The facial nerve (VII) innervates the muscles of facial expression. Damage to this nerve can result in facial paralysis. [Q5899]
• The facial nerve (VII) innervates the muscles of facial expression. It is responsible for movements such as smiling and blinking. [Q5906]
• All clinical staff should be capable of dealing with emergencies in a dental surgery. Proper training and preparedness are essential for effective response. [Q6093]
• Patients with severe anxiety benefit the most from inhalation sedation. This technique helps them relax during dental procedures. [Q6094]