Autoimmune Diseases

Hypersensitivity Reactions

• Contact dermatitis is a Type 4 hypersensitivity reaction. This type involves a delayed immune response mediated by T cells. [Q3522]
• Eosinophils primarily increase in Type I hypersensitivity reactions, such as allergies and asthma. This response is part of the body’s immune defense against allergens. [Q3679]
• Eosinophil levels often increase in various immune defects. This elevation indicates an immune response to pathogens or allergens. [Q3680]
• Acute anaphylaxis typically involves severe allergic reaction, difficulty breathing, and low blood pressure. Immediate medical intervention is required to manage anaphylaxis. [Q3709]
• The patch test for delayed hypersensitivity reactions should be checked after 48 hours. This timing ensures accurate detection of delayed reactions. [Q4073]
• The reaction in delayed hypersensitivity testing should be observed after 48 hours. This period allows for the development of a visible response. [Q4074]
• Penicillin is not the most common cause of type II hypersensitivity reactions. These reactions are more commonly associated with other drugs and conditions. [Q4573]
• Penicillin allergy is most commonly associated with type I hypersensitivity reactions. This type of reaction involves an immediate allergic response. [Q4574]
• Urticarial rash is characterized by superficial edema forming raised patches. This condition, also known as nettle rash, results from an allergic reaction. [Q5248]
• The vermilion border of the mouth is a common area for contact dermatitis. This condition results from direct contact with allergens. [Q5254]
• Binding can release large amounts of inflammatory mediators, particularly histamine. This release triggers symptoms of allergic reactions. [Q5273]
• Topical application of some allergens can cause an immediate reaction. This response indicates a high sensitivity to the allergen. [Q5292]
• Type I anaphylactic shocks have an immediate onset. If delayed, it may suggest a different type of hypersensitivity. [Q5322]
• Type I hypersensitivity reactions have an immediate onset. This rapid response is due to the release of histamine and other mediators. [Q5325]

Rheumatoid Arthritis

• Long-term steroid therapy can suppress adrenal function, so it is important to consult the physician to manage the risk of adrenal insufficiency during stress. This precaution helps prevent complications during dental procedures. [Q0367]
• Anaemia is common in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. This condition results from chronic inflammation and other factors. [Q3264]
• Bouchard’s nodes are associated with rheumatoid arthritis. These bony enlargements occur on the proximal interphalangeal joints. [Q3867]
• Swan-neck deformity is a hand sign associated with rheumatoid arthritis. This deformity affects the fingers and can impair function. [Q3872]
• Rheumatoid arthritis commonly involves bilateral joint pain, especially in the morning. This pattern of pain is a diagnostic feature. [Q4534]
• Swan-neck deformity is a main hand sign of rheumatoid arthritis. This condition involves hyperextension of the proximal interphalangeal joints. [Q4752]
• Ulnar deviation is commonly seen in rheumatoid arthritis. This deformity affects the alignment of the fingers. [Q5336]

Sjogren’s Syndrome

• Autoantibodies ssA and ssB are markers for the diagnosis of connective tissue diseases like Sjögren’s syndrome. These antibodies help confirm the diagnosis. [Q3323]
• Secondary Sjogren syndrome usually results in significant dry mouth, similar to primary Sjogren syndrome. This symptom requires management to improve patient comfort. [Q5137]
• Enlargement of salivary glands is a common symptom in secondary Sjogren’s syndrome. This condition can cause discomfort and affect oral health. [Q5356]

Other

• C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency characterizes angioneurotic edema. This condition leads to episodes of severe swelling. [Q3268]
• Xeroderma pigmentosum causes black skin spots due to an inability to repair UV-induced damage. This genetic disorder increases the risk of skin cancer. [Q3369]
• Heberden’s nodes are associated with osteoarthritis and inflammation of hand joints. These bony swellings are typically found on the distal interphalangeal joints. [Q3865]
• Heberden’s nodes are a characteristic sign of osteoarthritis. These nodes form on the joints closest to the fingertips. [Q3870]
• Pallor, cyanosis, and erythema of the digits are signs of Raynaud’s disease. This condition affects blood flow to extremities. [Q3871]
• Endocarditis can present with splinter hemorrhages, Janeway lesions, and Osler’s nodes. These signs indicate infection and inflammation of the heart valves. [Q3873]
• Juvenile periodontitis is generally considered a multifactorial trait rather than purely genetic. This condition involves complex interactions between genetics and environmental factors. [Q4211]
• Selective IgA deficiency leads to decreased levels of IgA. This immunodeficiency increases susceptibility to infections. [Q4242]
• Rheumatoid arthritis and primary biliary cirrhosis are often associated as autoimmune conditions. These diseases can coexist in affected individuals. [Q4557]
• Reiter’s disease (reactive arthritis) involves arthritis, urethritis, and conjunctivitis. This triad of symptoms characterizes the condition. [Q4736]
• Scleroderma is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by hardening and tightening of the skin and connective tissues. This condition can affect various organs. [Q4775]
• Immunosuppressive agents are used when pemphigoid does not respond to corticosteroids. These drugs help control the autoimmune response. [Q5304]
• Corticosteroids are the topical drug of choice for lichen planus. These medications reduce inflammation and control symptoms. [Q5311]
• Ulnar deviation is characteristic of rheumatoid arthritis, and xerostomia is a feature of Sjögren’s syndrome. These symptoms help in diagnosing the respective conditions. [Q5335]