Congenital Disorders

• Phocomelia is a rare congenital disorder that results in malformation of the limbs. This condition significantly impacts limb development and function, requiring early medical intervention for management. [Q5518]
• Cleft lip can be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, including medication and nutritional deficiencies. Timely surgical intervention can greatly improve outcomes for affected individuals. [Q5562]
• Cleft palate can be caused by a combination of genetic, environmental factors, medications during pregnancy, and nutritional deficiencies. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for optimal functional and aesthetic results. [Q5563]
• The incidence of cleft lip in the UK is approximately 1 in 700 births. This highlights the need for awareness and early treatment to ensure better quality of life for affected individuals. [Q5628]
• Surgical repair is the likely treatment for cleft lip. This procedure aims to restore both function and appearance, significantly improving the patient’s quality of life. [Q5634]

Endocrine Disorders

Adrenal Disorders

• Bony expansion is not a characteristic of Addison’s disease. Addison’s disease typically presents with symptoms like fatigue, weight loss, and hyperpigmentation. [Q551]
• Long-term corticosteroid use can lead to adrenal suppression, reducing the body’s ability to produce cortisol in response to stress. This necessitates careful monitoring and dosage adjustments to prevent complications. [Q612]
• Steroid disorders can lead to adrenal suppression, delayed healing, and osteoporosis. Managing these conditions requires a comprehensive approach to prevent severe outcomes. [Q613]
• Addison’s disease is caused by hypoadrenocorticism. This condition requires lifelong hormone replacement therapy to manage symptoms and prevent adrenal crisis. [Q3166]
• Aldosterone is known as the mineralocorticoid primarily because it regulates salt balance. It plays a crucial role in maintaining blood pressure and electrolyte balance. [Q3196]
• Aldosterone is secreted from the adrenal cortex. Its primary function is to control sodium and potassium levels, which are vital for maintaining fluid balance and blood pressure. [Q3197]
• Cortisol deficiency can lead to hypoglycemia. This underscores the importance of maintaining adequate cortisol levels for metabolic stability. [Q3530]
• Cortisol is produced by the adrenal cortex. This hormone is essential for stress response, metabolism, and immune function. [Q3531]
• Cortisol, produced in the adrenal cortex, increases in response to stress. It helps the body manage and adapt to stressful situations by increasing blood sugar and energy availability. [Q3897]
• Overproduction of ACTH can lead to Cushing’s Syndrome. This condition is characterized by excessive cortisol levels, causing symptoms like weight gain, hypertension, and glucose intolerance. [Q4542]

Diabetes

• Giving glucose is appropriate for a diabetic patient with symptoms of hypoglycemia (moist skin, moist mouth, weak pulse). Immediate administration can prevent severe hypoglycemic episodes. [Q251]
• The presence of an acetone odor in a patient’s breath is a common sign of diabetes, particularly diabetic ketoacidosis. This condition requires urgent medical attention to prevent serious complications. [Q385]
• The standard dose of glucagon for an unconscious diabetic patient is 1 mg. Timely administration of glucagon can rapidly restore blood sugar levels and prevent severe hypoglycemia. [Q3003]
• Insulin administration should be based on the patient’s blood sugar level at the time. Accurate assessment and appropriate dosing are critical to managing diabetes effectively. [Q3055]
• Dehydration from alcohol and tobacco use is a likely cause of dry mouth. Proper hydration and lifestyle modifications are important for managing this condition in diabetic patients. [Q3088]
• All of these (regular blood glucose monitoring, insulin injections, balanced diet, exercise regimen) are required for managing type I diabetes. Comprehensive care is essential to prevent complications and maintain quality of life. [Q3110]
• Diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance or deficiency, leading to high blood sugar levels. Effective management includes medication, diet, and lifestyle changes to control blood glucose. [Q3598]
• Normal fasting blood glucose levels are 70-100 mg/dL. Maintaining blood glucose within this range is crucial for preventing diabetes-related complications. [Q3713]
• Yes, insulin-dependent diabetes is an autoimmune disease and can follow infections like mumps or coxsackie disease. Early detection and management are key to preventing severe outcomes. [Q4171]
• Type I diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune disease where the insulin-producing cells are destroyed. Early and ongoing insulin therapy is essential for managing this condition. [Q5324]
• Individuals with type 1 diabetes are often lean. This contrasts with type 2 diabetes, where obesity is more commonly observed. [Q5328]
• Type 2 diabetes is commonly associated with obesity. Weight management and lifestyle changes are critical components of treatment for type 2 diabetes. [Q5329]
• Glucagon is administered intramuscularly during hypoglycemia. Prompt administration can quickly elevate blood glucose levels and prevent severe hypoglycemic episodes. [Q5380]
• Blood glucose tests can help identify underlying conditions in patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS). Early diagnosis and treatment of any underlying disorders are essential for effective management. [Q5460]

Other

• A BMI of 30 is the cutoff for obesity. This metric is widely used to assess and manage obesity-related health risks. [Q3374]
• Erosion of the lingual surfaces of the teeth is common in bulimia due to acid exposure. This dental sign can aid in the early identification and treatment of eating disorders. [Q3558]
• Gout is caused by uric acid crystals, not raised urea. Effective management includes medications and lifestyle changes to reduce uric acid levels. [Q3841]
• Hyperparathyroidism can lead to peptic ulcers due to increased calcium levels stimulating gastric acid secretion. Early diagnosis and management are important to prevent complications. [Q3968]
• Ibuprofen is generally not recommended during pregnancy. Alternative pain management options should be considered to avoid potential risks to the fetus. [Q3987]
• Yes, in xanthomas, macrophages accumulate intracellular cholesterol. This condition often indicates underlying lipid metabolism disorders. [Q4144]
• Scurvy is caused by a deficiency in vitamin C. Early supplementation and dietary changes can effectively treat and prevent this condition. [Q4777]
• Parathyroid hormone controls calcium metabolism. Proper regulation of calcium is essential for bone health and overall metabolic function. [Q4843]
• Carbon dioxide and water are the end products of metabolism involving CO2. These byproducts are expelled through respiration and other bodily processes. [Q5403]
• Complete blood count and thyroid function tests are necessary for a patient with Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS). Comprehensive testing helps identify underlying causes and guide treatment. [Q5424]

Pituitary Disorders

• Pituitary adenoma is a common cause of increased growth hormone production in adults. This condition requires careful monitoring and treatment to prevent complications like acromegaly. [Q3015]
• The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland secretes oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH). These hormones play vital roles in childbirth, lactation, and water balance regulation. [Q4648]

Thyroid Disorders

• Thyrotoxicosis can cause warm, moist hands due to increased metabolism and sweating. Timely diagnosis and treatment are important to manage symptoms and prevent complications. [Q368]
• Myxoedema occurs due to hyposecretion of thyroid hormone (hypothyroidism). This condition requires thyroid hormone replacement therapy to manage symptoms effectively. [Q961]
• Autoimmune disorder is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism (Graves disease). Early detection and treatment are crucial for preventing severe thyroid dysfunction. [Q3502]
• Graves’ disease is associated with primary hyperthyroidism, not secondary hyperthyroidism. Proper diagnosis is essential for targeted and effective treatment. [Q3851]
• Hyperthyroidism can cause hyperresponsiveness to epinephrine, increasing the heart rate. Managing thyroid levels can help control cardiovascular symptoms. [Q3965]
• Hyperthyroidism is associated with type V hypersensitivity, where antibodies stimulate receptors. This autoimmune response requires specific medical management to prevent overactivity of the thyroid gland. [Q3971]
• Hypothyroidism is usually accompanied by bradycardia, not tachycardia. Recognizing this symptom can aid in the early diagnosis and management of hypothyroidism. [Q3983]
• Both cretinism and rickets can cause a delay in teeth eruption. Early intervention and treatment are important to manage developmental delays and associated symptoms. [Q4070]
• Weight gain and intolerance to cold commonly occur together in hypothyroidism. These symptoms highlight the importance of thyroid hormone regulation for metabolic balance. [Q5383]

Endocrinology

• Glucagon increases blood sugar levels by promoting the conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver. This hormone plays a critical role in maintaining glucose homeostasis. [Q5535]
• Necrobiosis lipoidica is a skin condition often associated with diabetes mellitus. Recognizing this sign can aid in the early diagnosis and management of diabetes. [Q5614]
• Trousseau’s sign is a hand sign indicative of hypocalcemia. This clinical sign helps in diagnosing calcium metabolism disorders. [Q5615]
• Iodine deficiency is a common cause of goiter. Ensuring adequate iodine intake is important for thyroid health and preventing goiter formation. [Q5635]
• Normal fasting blood sugar level in humans is 70-100 mg/dL. Maintaining these levels is essential for preventing diabetes-related complications. [Q5686]
• Parathyroid hormone is the principal substance controlling calcium metabolism. Proper regulation of this hormone is crucial for bone health and metabolic function. [Q5715]
• Insulin is the primary medication used to manage type 1 diabetes. Timely and consistent insulin therapy is essential for maintaining blood glucose control. [Q5754]
• The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland partially controls the adrenal glands. It secretes hormones that regulate adrenal function and stress response. [Q5783]
• Oral glucose should be administered in a hypoglycemic collapse or dizziness situation to quickly raise blood sugar levels. Immediate treatment is critical to prevent severe hypoglycemia. [Q5792]
• The adrenal gland produces cortisol. This hormone is essential for stress response, metabolism, and immune function. [Q5935]
• ACTH causes secretion from the adrenal cortex. It stimulates the release of cortisol, which is vital for stress adaptation and metabolic processes. [Q5944]
• Cortisol increases blood glucose and potassium levels. It plays a key role in the body’s response to stress and metabolic regulation. [Q5945]
• Parathyroid hormone regulates calcium levels in the body. Proper regulation is crucial for maintaining bone health and overall metabolic balance. [Q5946]
• Parathyroid hormone is secreted by chief cells and regulates calcium. It plays a vital role in maintaining calcium homeostasis and bone health. [Q5947]
• Melanocyte-stimulating hormone is secreted by the middle lobe of the pituitary gland. This hormone is involved in skin pigmentation and other physiological processes. [Q5948]
• Glucagon is used to treat hypoglycemic attacks. Prompt administration can quickly elevate blood glucose levels and prevent severe hypoglycemia. [Q5979]