Nerve Physiology

• The pulp is innervated by afferent (sensory) and sympathetic nerve fibers, which are involved in pain sensation and blood flow regulation. These nerves play a crucial role in pulp health. [Q17]
• A fibers generally have a low threshold, especially with myelination. This characteristic allows them to conduct impulses rapidly. [Q3069]
• C fibers are more responsive to injury, especially chronic pain. They are involved in transmitting slow, persistent pain signals. [Q3070]
• In Myasthenia Gravis, acetylcholine release is significantly diminished due to autoantibodies blocking acetylcholine receptors. This results in muscle weakness and fatigue. [Q3162]
• Acetylcholine is the main neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system. It mediates various physiological responses, including reducing heart rate. [Q3163]
• Norepinephrine is the main neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system. It is involved in the body’s fight or flight response. [Q3261]
• Hilton’s law relates to the distribution of nerves, stating that the nerve supplying a joint also supplies the muscles moving the joint and the skin over the joint. This law helps in understanding nerve-related pain and injuries. [Q3890]
• There are two main types of nerves in the pulp: sensory and sympathetic. Sensory nerves detect pain, while sympathetic nerves regulate blood flow. [Q3937]
• The sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate, while the parasympathetic system decreases it. This balance is essential for maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis. [Q4521]
• The parasympathetic nerve supply to the salivary glands is provided through the facial nerve. This innervation stimulates saliva production during eating. [Q4522]
• The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the fight or flight response. This system prepares the body for rapid, intense physical activity. [Q5785]
• Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter released by the vagus nerve. It plays a key role in regulating heart rate and digestive processes. [Q6004]
• The sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate. This response is part of the body’s preparation for physical exertion. [Q6034]
• Sodium channels initiate the action potential by allowing the influx of Na+ ions. This process is fundamental for nerve impulse transmission. [Q6087]

Oral Physiology

• Exposure of dentin tubules is the primary cause of dentin hypersensitivity. This exposure leads to pain when stimuli reach the dental nerves. [Q4753]

Bone Physiology

• Hypo maturation amelogenesis imperfecta features opaque, white to brownish-yellow enamel. Despite the color change, the enamel structure is normal. [Q3978]
• In adulthood, most of the marrow is converted into yellow (fatty) marrow. This conversion reduces the hematopoietic activity in adults. [Q4054]
• Heberden’s nodes are swelling of the distal interphalangeal joints and are characteristic of osteoarthritis. These nodes are a common sign in elderly patients with osteoarthritis. [Q4855]
• Swelling of interphalangeal joints is common, particularly in the elderly. This condition often indicates underlying joint disorders such as osteoarthritis. [Q4856]

Salivary Gland Physiology

• Amylase breaks down carbohydrates into simple sugars. This enzyme is essential for the initial stages of digestion. [Q3240]
• The buffering action of saliva is primarily due to its electrolytes. These electrolytes help maintain oral pH balance and protect teeth from acid erosion. [Q3391]
• Buffers are used in dentistry to neutralize acids. They help prevent dental caries and erosion by stabilizing the oral environment. [Q3392]
• Saliva is hypotonic compared to plasma. This property helps in maintaining oral moisture and facilitating taste sensation. [Q3900]
• Salivary flow in Sjogren’s syndrome is roughly 0.075 ml/min. Reduced salivary flow in this condition leads to dry mouth and increased risk of dental decay. [Q3943]
• Stimulation of one side of the salivary glands typically causes both sides to produce saliva equally. This bilateral response ensures adequate salivation. [Q3997]
• Saliva primarily acts to lubricate food in the oral cavity. This lubrication is crucial for the ease of chewing and swallowing. [Q4291]
• Parotid swelling is frequently seen in alcoholism. Chronic alcohol consumption can lead to enlargement of the parotid glands. [Q4524]
• The daily saliva flow typically ranges between 500-750 ml. Adequate saliva production is essential for oral health and digestion. [Q4967]
• The average daily saliva secretion is around 500 ml. This amount helps in maintaining oral hygiene and digestion. [Q4968]
• The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for increased salivary secretion. It enhances saliva production during rest and digestion. [Q5784]
• The parotid gland produces serous secretion. This type of saliva is watery and rich in enzymes, aiding in digestion. [Q5810]
• Histatin in saliva has antifungal properties. This protein helps protect the oral cavity from fungal infections. [Q5930]
• The parotid gland contributes the most during active salivation. This gland’s secretion increases significantly when eating. [Q6042]
• The submandibular gland contributes the most to resting salivary flow. Its secretion is important for maintaining oral moisture throughout the day. [Q6043]

Muscle Physiology

• Acetylcholine is crucial for the contraction of skeletal muscles. It is released at the neuromuscular junction to stimulate muscle fibers. [Q3164]
• All smooth muscles are involuntary. They function automatically under the control of the autonomic nervous system. [Q3208]
• Not all striated skeletal muscles can tolerate complete ischemia for 2-3 hours. Prolonged ischemia can cause irreversible muscle damage. [Q3209]
• Contraction is the response of a muscle fiber to electrical stimuli. This process involves the sliding of actin and myosin filaments. [Q3212]
• The epimysium surrounds the entire muscle, not individual muscle cells. It provides structural support and protection to the muscle. [Q3681]
• Muscles and tendons heal quickly primarily due to their blood supply. Adequate blood flow delivers essential nutrients and oxygen for repair. [Q4401]
• Large motor units in power muscles are necessary for stronger force of contraction. These units allow for powerful and sustained muscle movements. [Q4651]
• The diaphragm is the main muscle in ventilation and is innervated by the Phrenic nerve. This muscle plays a critical role in breathing. [Q4981]
• Intrafusal muscle fibers are innervated by myelinated axons of gamma motor neurons, aiding in muscle spindle function. These fibers help in maintaining muscle tone and reflexes. [Q5062]
• Isotonic exercises involve movement, while isometric exercises involve tension without movement. Both types of exercises are important for muscle strength and endurance. [Q5063]