Management of Cysts and Tumors

Cyst

• Marsupialization is a surgical procedure commonly used to treat cysts by creating an open pouch. This technique helps in draining the cyst and reducing its size. [Q0363]
• Radicular cyst is the most common odontogenic cyst found in the UK. It typically arises from the remnants of the epithelial root sheath. [Q4368]
• Radicular cyst is the most common odontogenic cyst overall. It is often associated with non-vital teeth and appears as a radiolucency around the apex. [Q4369]
• Odontogenic keratocysts frequently cause expansion of the jaws due to their aggressive nature. They require careful management to prevent recurrence. [Q4463]
• Radicular cysts are typically characterized by a unilocular radiolucency on radiographs. This appearance helps in differentiating them from other jaw lesions. [Q4704]

Other

• A hemangioma should be referred to a specialist due to the risk of severe bleeding. This vascular lesion requires careful management to prevent complications. [Q4066]

Tumor

• Ameloblastoma is the best diagnosis given the radiographic appearance of unilocular expansion and multilocular radiolucency in the mandible. It is a benign but locally aggressive tumor. [Q3029]
• Ameloblastoma is most likely when a multilocular radiolucency is seen in the angle/ramus of the mandible. This diagnosis necessitates surgical intervention. [Q4467]
• Ameloblastoma is the most likely diagnosis for a multilocular radiolucency in the angle of the mandible. It requires comprehensive treatment planning and surgical management. [Q4468]

Maxillary Sinus

Antibiotics

• Antibiotics and nasal decongestants are used to manage chronic oral antral fistula before considering surgical closure. These medications help reduce infection and inflammation. [Q0911]

Material

• Polyglactin 910 is commonly used for closing oroantral fistulas due to its resorbable nature and strength. This material ensures proper healing of the surgical site. [Q5769]
• Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is commonly used for repairing oro-antral fistulas due to its biocompatibility and strength. It provides a durable closure for fistulas. [Q6051]

Other

• Excision of the fistula and surgical closure is necessary to properly treat a persistent oroantral fistula. This approach ensures a permanent resolution of the condition. [Q0032]

Techniques

• Surgical opening of the canine fossa is required to retrieve a palatal root displaced into the antrum. This procedure allows access to the antral cavity for removal of the root. [Q0798]
• Approximately 2% of upper maxillary molar extractions result in oroantral fistula. This complication requires careful surgical technique and postoperative management. [Q3002]
• A Caldwell-luc operation is used to close a fistula in the maxillary sinus. This technique provides direct access to the sinus for surgical repair. [Q3038]
• Oroantral communication refers to a pathological connection between the oral cavity and the sinus. It can result from dental extractions or surgical procedures. [Q4490]
• The buccal advancement flap is commonly used to close fistulas with a high success rate. This technique involves repositioning the buccal tissue to cover the defect. [Q4934]
• Buccal fat pad transfer can be performed under local anesthesia and rarely causes sulcus loss. This method provides an effective closure for larger defects. [Q4935]
• The buccal flap is generally preferred for closing oroantral fistulas (OAF). This method offers a reliable and straightforward approach to fistula closure. [Q5161]
• Excision of a fistula is not always mandatory and depends on the clinical situation. Conservative management may be sufficient in some cases. [Q6123]

Maxillofacial Trauma

Avulsion

• The golden time for an avulsed tooth is 30-60 minutes. Immediate reimplantation within this period significantly improves the prognosis. [Q3837]
• An avulsed tooth has the best chance of successful reimplantation if it is replanted within 15-30 minutes. Rapid action is crucial to preserving periodontal ligament viability. [Q3919]
• The recommended splinting time for avulsed teeth is 2-4 weeks to allow for proper healing. This stabilization period supports the reattachment process. [Q3926]
• The recommended splinting time for a replantation/transplantation tooth is 3-7 days. Short-term splinting helps in maintaining the position while minimizing complications. [Q3936]
• If no one is competent to re-implant the tooth immediately, it should be stored in milk until professional care is available. Milk preserves the viability of the periodontal ligament cells. [Q4005]
• An avulsed tooth should ideally be reimplanted within 1 hour to maximize the chances of successful reattachment. Other options allow too much time. [Q5119]
• An avulsed tooth should ideally be reimplanted within one hour to maximize the chances of successful reattachment. Other options allow too much time. [Q5122]
• Time since avulsion is the most critical factor in the success of reimplanting an avulsed tooth. Immediate reimplantation offers the best prognosis. [Q5131]
• The survival rate of a tooth amputation can be high if the procedure is done correctly. Proper technique and postoperative care are essential for success. [Q5217]
• Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) is preferred for condylar neck fractures as it allows for immediate mobilization and better alignment. This method enhances functional recovery. [Q5557]
• The golden time frame for a tooth to be reinserted into the socket after avulsion is 1 hour. Quick action is vital for the best outcome. [Q5613]
• The recommended splinting duration for avulsed teeth is 2 weeks. This period supports stabilization and healing. [Q5738]
• Storing a tooth in milk before surgery helps preserve the periodontal ligament cells. This practice increases the likelihood of successful reimplantation. [Q5854]

Fracture

• Fractures in the mandible often occur in pairs; a second fracture is commonly found in the contralateral sub-condylar region. Thorough examination is necessary to identify all fracture sites. [Q0029]
• Contralateral sub-condylar fractures are common due to the transmission of force across the mandible. Identifying and treating both fractures is crucial for proper healing. [Q0138]
• The fracture is likely at the neck of the left condyle. This location corresponds with the clinical presentation of deviation on opening. [Q0631]
• Trauma is the most common cause of bilateral condylar fractures. These injuries require careful management to restore function and alignment. [Q3361]
• All of the above (pain, malocclusion, difficulty opening mouth, swelling) can result from bilateral condylar fractures. Comprehensive treatment addresses these multiple symptoms. [Q3362]
• Simple, compound, and complex fractures can occur in these dental structures. Each type requires specific management strategies to ensure proper healing. [Q3770]
• A functional splint should be used for 4-6 weeks in a root fracture. This approach stabilizes the fracture and promotes healing. [Q3794]
• The nasal bone is the most common site for facial fractures. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are necessary to manage these injuries effectively. [Q4371]
• The condylar process is the most common site in the mandible likely to fracture. This area is prone to injury due to its anatomical position. [Q4373]
• An increased number of mandibles at the angle increases the risk of fracture due to the concentration of force. Careful assessment is needed to address these fractures. [Q4455]
• Direct trauma to the orbit is the primary cause of orbital blow-out fractures. These injuries often require surgical intervention to restore function and appearance. [Q4488]
• The body of the mandible is the second most common site for fractures after the condylar process. Proper management ensures good functional recovery. [Q4778]
• The angle of the mandible is the most common site for fractures in adults. This area is susceptible due to its structural characteristics. [Q4911]
• The coronoid process is not the most common site for mandibular fractures; the angle or condyle is more common. Accurate diagnosis guides appropriate treatment. [Q4964]
• Le Fort II fracture can cause an elongated or dish face. This injury affects the midfacial structure and requires comprehensive treatment. [Q5931]
• Nasal bone fractures commonly cause epistaxis. Prompt management is essential to control bleeding and prevent further complications. [Q5933]
• Le Fort II fracture may cause a CSF leak. This serious complication necessitates immediate medical attention. [Q5934]

Other

• Facial nerve excision is not necessarily involved in tongue cancer surgeries, so facial expressions may not be lost. This distinction is important for patient counseling. [Q3106]
• Repositioning and stabilization are key management strategies for dental trauma. These steps help restore function and appearance. [Q4299]
• Typical symptoms of a mandibular mass include swelling and facial asymmetry. Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial for effective treatment. [Q4307]
• The immediate concern is ensuring a free airway. This priority addresses the most critical aspect of managing facial trauma. [Q0611]

Orthognathic Surgery

Cleft Abnormality

• Cleft lip is more common in males, while cleft palate is more common in females. Understanding these patterns aids in diagnosis and treatment planning. [Q3474]
• Cleft lip is more common in males. Recognizing this gender prevalence helps in anticipating and managing these congenital conditions. [Q3475]
• No, cleft palate repair typically occurs earlier, around 9-18 months of age. Early surgical intervention supports better functional and aesthetic outcomes. [Q4127]
• The median cleft lip occurs when the nasal process fails to join the maxillary process. This congenital defect requires surgical correction for proper function and appearance. [Q5123]
• The optimal timing for surgical repair of cleft lip is 3-6 months and for cleft palate is 9-12 months. Early intervention enhances speech development and facial growth. [Q5743]

Other

• Genioplasty is the reconstruction of the chin. This procedure addresses functional and aesthetic concerns. [Q3813]
• Graft surgery for a cleft palate is performed between 12-18 months of age. Timely surgery supports better speech and feeding outcomes. [Q3842]
• Hemifacial microsomia occurs in approximately 1 out of 5000 births. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential for managing this congenital condition. [Q3880]
• The stages of hemifacial reconstruction include diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up. Comprehensive care ensures optimal outcomes for affected individuals. [Q3881]
• Facial contour reconstruction is common in late teens, especially for cosmetic surgery. These procedures address aesthetic concerns and improve self-esteem. [Q4227]
• The minimum age for orthognathic surgery is generally 18 years, when growth is typically complete. This timing ensures stable and lasting results. [Q5649]
• First premolars are typically extracted to relieve crowding in Class I malocclusion. This orthodontic strategy helps in achieving proper alignment. [Q6056]