Fungal

• Fungi are eukaryotes, not prokaryotes. They have a complex cellular structure. [Q3795]
• Silver staining is effective for fungi identification. This method enhances the visibility of fungal elements. [Q4802]
• Amphotericin B does not potentiate the effects of warfarin, unlike other antifungals. It is safe to use in patients taking warfarin. [Q5868]
• Fluconazole is used systemically for candidiasis. It is effective in treating fungal infections throughout the body. [Q5919]

Viral

• Herpetic gingivostomatitis is caused by the herpes simplex virus. This condition presents with painful oral lesions. [Q0371]
• Proper sterilization, scrubbing, and re-sterilization is essential for instruments used on hepatitis B patients. These steps prevent cross-contamination and infection. [Q0436]
• Herpetic infections spread primarily through contact with vesicle fluid and saliva from infected individuals. Avoiding contact with infectious material is key to prevention. [Q0485]
• Herpangina, characterized by fever and vesicular lesions in the oral cavity, is caused by Coxsackie virus. This condition primarily affects children. [Q0609]
• HBsAg test is used to assess hepatitis B infection. This test detects the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen in the blood. [Q3883]
• Herpes virus is a DNA virus. It replicates in the host cell nucleus. [Q3886]
• HIV is an RNA virus that uses reverse transcriptase to transcribe its RNA into DNA. This unique replication mechanism allows it to integrate into the host genome. [Q3892]
• Three doses of hepatitis vaccine are required for full immunity. This vaccination schedule provides long-term protection against hepatitis B. [Q3928]
• A person with Hepatitis B is highly contagious, especially during the acute phase. Strict infection control measures are necessary to prevent transmission. [Q4195]
• Epstein-Barr virus is associated with hairy leukoplakia. This condition manifests as white patches on the tongue or oral mucosa. [Q4336]
• Norovirus is known for its stability and resistance in the environment. This virus is a common cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks. [Q4388]
• A booster vaccination is recommended if a new employee has low antibodies to Hepatitis B. This ensures adequate immune protection. [Q4430]
• ELISA can be used to detect oral viral infections. This assay is sensitive and specific for various viral antigens. [Q4486]
• HCV is less commonly transmitted sexually and vertically compared to HBV. Understanding transmission routes is important for disease prevention. [Q4785]
• The HCV carriage rate among blood donors in the UK is approximately 0.07%. Regular screening helps maintain blood safety. [Q4945]
• Measles is caused by a virus, specifically the measles virus. This highly contagious infection is preventable by vaccination. [Q5763]
• Mumps is caused by the mumps virus. Vaccination is effective in preventing mumps outbreaks. [Q5764]
• Hepatitis B is a DNA virus. This virus can cause chronic liver infection and liver cancer. [Q5765]
• HIV is a retrovirus. It infects and destroys CD4+ T cells, leading to immunodeficiency. [Q5766]
• Members of the herpes family are DNA viruses. These viruses can cause recurrent infections. [Q5767]
• Hepatitis A is caused by an RNA virus. This infection is typically transmitted through the fecal-oral route. [Q5768]
• Anti-EBV antibodies are seen in acute infections of infectious mononucleosis. These antibodies help diagnose the infection. [Q5867]
• Hepatitis B is the most likely disease to be acquired through a needlestick injury due to its high transmissibility. Proper post-exposure prophylaxis is essential. [Q5911]
• Measles is the most infectious disease listed, with a high R0 value. Vaccination is crucial for controlling measles outbreaks. [Q5912]
• Hepatitis B is the most important type in dentistry due to its transmission risk. Vaccination and strict infection control practices are vital. [Q5943]

Other

• Sodium hypochlorite is highly effective as a viricidal agent due to its strong oxidizing properties. It is commonly used for disinfection. [Q0373]
• Abscesses typically contain polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). These cells play a crucial role in the immune response to infection. [Q0379]
• Disinfectants kill pathogens but not necessarily spores, reducing microorganisms to a non-infective level. Proper disinfection helps prevent infections. [Q0435]
• Moist heat sterilization, such as autoclaving, kills microorganisms by denaturing their proteins, leading to cell death. This method is highly effective for sterilizing dental instruments. [Q0569]
• Sterilization by steam under pressure (autoclaving) kills microorganisms by coagulating their plasma proteins. This process ensures the complete elimination of microbial life. [Q0617]
• For teeth 12 and 22, the spread of infection is most likely to be palatal due to the anatomical positioning. This knowledge is important for effective treatment planning. [Q0651]
• Pathogenic refers to an organism or agent that causes disease. Understanding pathogenic mechanisms is essential for disease prevention and management. [Q0677]
• Delivering the specified dose all at once can cause more extensive cellular damage compared to dividing the dose over time. This principle is important in toxicology and pharmacology. [Q0682]
• Boiling water at 100ºC for 2 hours is insufficient to achieve sterilization. Alternative methods such as autoclaving are required for complete sterilization. [Q0851]
• Antonie van Leeuwenhoek used a single-lens microscope to observe microorganisms. His work laid the foundation for microbiology. [Q3284]
• Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is always transmitted by the prion protein found in the brain of humans and higher animals. This prion protein causes neurodegenerative disorders. [Q3537]
• Hemophilia A is more common than hemophilia B, but the ratio varies and is approximately ten times more common. This distinction is important for diagnosis and treatment. [Q3861]
• Von Willebrand disease is the most common bleeding tendency, more common than hemophilia B. This condition affects platelet function and blood clotting. [Q3862]
• Adrenal suppression due to long-term corticosteroid treatment can lead to circulatory collapse under stress. Proper management is crucial for preventing complications. [Q4566]
• People with AIDS are more susceptible to severe forms of syphilis and relapses. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential for managing these infections. [Q4575]
• Prion diseases are notoriously resistant to standard sterilization methods. Special protocols are required to manage prion contamination. [Q6071]