Non-surgical Periodontal Therapy

• Tetracycline is effective against the facultative or microaerophilic bacteria involved in Localised Juvenile Periodontitis. This antibiotic helps in reducing bacterial load and inflammation. [Q0073]
• Evaluating the soft tissues 10 to 14 days later provides a more accurate assessment of the effectiveness of root planing. This period allows for sufficient healing and reduction of inflammation. [Q0074]
• The probe pressure should be just enough to feel the coronal end of the attached tissues without causing trauma. Excessive pressure can lead to tissue damage and inaccurate readings. [Q0075]
• A curette provides good tactile sensitivity, allowing for precise and gentle instrumentation. This minimizes trauma to the tissues during periodontal therapy. [Q0076]
• Using glass ionomer cement helps protect the exposed cementum and prevent further recession. This approach also promotes healing and maintains tooth structure integrity. [Q0124]
• Surface grinding followed by GIC restorations helps to manage soft cementum and protect the tooth structure. This treatment also aids in stabilizing the gingiva and improving oral hygiene. [Q0222]
• Oral prophylaxis, scaling, and root planing are recommended to manage gingival overgrowth caused by Dilantin (phenytoin). These procedures help in reducing inflammation and maintaining oral health. [Q0586]
• The most conservative treatment includes oral hygiene, sub-gingival debridement, regular review, and maintenance. These steps are essential in controlling periodontal disease and preventing progression. [Q0794]
• The primary treatment for ANUG in an HIV patient is debridement and antimicrobial rinses. These measures help in controlling infection and promoting healing. [Q0982]
• Penicillin 500 mg four times a day for a week is not recommended for refractory periodontitis. Alternative antibiotics and a comprehensive treatment plan should be considered. [Q3759]
• Gingivitis is primarily treated by improving oral hygiene and through professional cleaning. These measures help in reducing plaque and inflammation. [Q3914]
• Yes, irrigation with 0.2% chlorhexidine can significantly reduce subgingival flora. This helps in controlling periodontal infection and promoting healing. [Q4194]
• Lidocaine gel and benzondynamic hydrochloride are effective when combined with antibiotics for acute necrotizing gingivitis. This combination helps in managing pain and controlling infection. [Q4244]
• Metronidazole 200 mg three times a day is the preferred drug for ANUG. It is effective in targeting the anaerobic bacteria associated with this condition. [Q4332]
• Metronidazole is contraindicated in both pregnancy and alcoholism. These conditions require alternative treatment options. [Q4333]
• Refractory periodontitis can be treated with both metronidazole and amoxicillin. This combination helps in managing the bacterial infection effectively. [Q4731]
• A BPE score of 2 requires oral hygiene instruction and scaling to remove plaque and calculus. This helps in preventing the progression of periodontal disease. [Q4776]
• BPE score of 3 indicates probing depth of 3.5-5.5 mm. This score necessitates further periodontal assessment and treatment. [Q5789]
• BPE score of 1 indicates bleeding on probing only. This highlights the need for improved oral hygiene practices. [Q5790]

Periodontal Anatomy and Physiology

• Epithelial rests of Malassez are remnants of the Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath found in the periodontal membrane and play a role in periodontal regeneration and cyst formation. These cells are important in the context of periodontal health and pathology. [Q0200]
• The normal range of gingival depth in a healthy mouth is 0-3 mm. This depth is indicative of healthy periodontal tissues. [Q0218]
• Fibroblasts are the most common cells found in the periodontal membrane. They play a crucial role in maintaining the structure and function of periodontal tissues. [Q0219]
• The contour of Nasmyth membrane is not used for diagnosing gingivae in children. Other clinical signs and symptoms are more relevant for diagnosis. [Q0292]
• Periodontal ligament fibers are wavy, allowing them to absorb stress and distribute forces. This morphology is essential for the functional integrity of the periodontal ligament. [Q0388]
• Crevicular epithelium is not keratinized, whereas the others are. This difference in keratinization affects the susceptibility to bacterial invasion. [Q0403]
• The primary function of the periodontal ligament is to keep the teeth anchored in their sockets. This ligament provides support and absorbs mechanical forces during mastication. [Q0412]
• A tooth without use exhibits a narrower periodontal ligament due to lack of functional stimulation. Regular use helps maintain the width and health of the periodontal ligament. [Q0413]
• The normal width of the periodontal ligament space ranges from 0.25 to 0.5 mm. This width is essential for the ligament’s function in absorbing and distributing occlusal forces. [Q0419]
• The correct order for periodontal surface area in mandibular teeth is canine > lateral incisor > central incisor. This hierarchy reflects the functional demands on different teeth. [Q0831]
• Inflammatory plasma cells and lymphocytes are found in inflamed, not normal, periodontal membranes. Their presence indicates an ongoing immune response. [Q0888]
• The average width of the periodontal ligament is approximately 0.25 mm. This measurement is important for assessing periodontal health and diagnosing abnormalities. [Q3326]
• The biologic width of the periodontal ligament is approximately 0.2 mm. Maintaining this width is crucial for periodontal health and function. [Q3365]
• Yes, circular fibers run around all teeth, tightly holding the free gingiva against them. These fibers help maintain the gingival margin and prevent recession. [Q3463]
• The shank of a curette is the part that connects the handle to the working end. It provides leverage and control during periodontal instrumentation. [Q3542]
• The correct sequence is non – keratinised, cemento-enamel junction, the gingival groove, the mucogingival line. These anatomical landmarks are important for periodontal diagnosis and treatment planning. [Q3723]
• Even in clinically non-inflamed gingiva, a few white blood cells are present in the junctional epithelium. This presence is part of the immune surveillance system. [Q4049]
• The fibers in the periodontal ligament are thinnest in the middle of the ligament. This variation in thickness allows for optimal stress distribution. [Q4099]
• Yes, contraction of the diaphragm is the primary mechanism for inspiration. This muscle action increases thoracic volume and facilitates air intake. [Q4169]
• Yes, interstitial fibers primarily hold the tooth in the socket. These fibers provide support and maintain the tooth’s position. [Q4179]
• No, Sharpey’s fibers are different; they are part of the periodontal ligament but are embedded in the bone and cementum. These fibers help anchor the tooth firmly in its socket. [Q4180]
• Type I collagen is the most common type found in the periodontal ligament. This collagen type provides tensile strength and structural integrity. [Q4363]
• Collagen fibers are predominant in the periodontal ligament. These fibers are essential for the ligament’s function in supporting and stabilizing the teeth. [Q4656]
• Principal fibers run from cementum to bone, holding the tooth firmly in the socket. These fibers are critical for periodontal stability and function. [Q4669]

Periodontal Maintenance

• Patients with exposed root surfaces should use low abrasive dentifrices to prevent further abrasion and sensitivity. This recommendation helps in maintaining the integrity of exposed dentin. [Q0553]
• A decrease in bleeding on probing is a reliable indicator of improved gingival health following periodontal treatment. This response reflects reduced inflammation and improved tissue condition. [Q0685]
• Interdental brushes are most effective for cleaning between teeth in patients with periodontal disease. They help in removing plaque and reducing interdental inflammation. [Q3343]
• Gripping the brush is the most difficult aspect of brushing teeth for individuals with decreased manual dexterity. Adaptive aids and electric toothbrushes can assist in overcoming this challenge. [Q4377]

Surgical Periodontal Therapy

• Tetracycline conditioning may enhance the binding of fibronectin and fibroblasts, promoting healing and attachment. This technique supports periodontal regeneration. [Q0077]
• In gingivectomy, the incision is made at a 45° angle to the tooth in an apical direction to ensure proper removal of gingival tissue and recontouring. This approach helps in achieving optimal aesthetic and functional results. [Q0420]
• Periodontal dressings help control bleeding and maintain the blood clot. They also protect the surgical site and promote healing. [Q0425]
• An apically displaced flap does not preserve attached gingivae and is a pocket elimination procedure. This surgical technique helps in reducing periodontal pockets and improving accessibility for maintenance. [Q0788]
• A gingival groove is least required when restoring with GIC base and composite lamination. This approach minimizes unnecessary tissue manipulation. [Q0808]
• Split thickness flap minimizes exposure of the root surface while elevating the flap. This technique preserves soft tissue and reduces the risk of complications. [Q0862]
• Splinting in advanced periodontitis helps stabilize mobile teeth, improving comfort and function for the patient. This intervention supports the retention of compromised teeth. [Q0864]
• A free gingival autograft is commonly used to cover exposed root surfaces. This procedure enhances aesthetics and protects the root from further recession and sensitivity. [Q0865]
• A sharply ascending ramus limits the space available for a distal wedge procedure in the molar area. This anatomical consideration is crucial for surgical planning. [Q0866]
• Fibrotic gingivitis, often seen with phenytoin use, typically requires surgical intervention due to the fibrous overgrowth of gingival tissue. Conservative treatments are generally ineffective for this condition. [Q0903]
• Guided Tissue Regeneration (GTR) aims to prevent the apical migration of the junctional epithelium, allowing periodontal tissues to regenerate. This technique supports the restoration of periodontal attachment. [Q0923]
• Long junctional epithelium formation is a common outcome in regenerative periodontal surgery. This result indicates successful healing and tissue integration. [Q0956]
• The angle of the blade for closed curettage is less than 90 degrees. This positioning helps in effectively removing subgingival deposits without damaging the surrounding tissues. [Q0973]
• A mucogingival surgery free flap is indicated to correct defects and increase soft tissue. This procedure addresses aesthetic concerns and functional deficits. [Q3092]

Periodontal Pathologies

• Spirochaetes and Fusobacterium species are pathognomonic of acute necrotic ulcerative gingivitis. These bacteria are key indicators of the disease. [Q0070]
• Hypermobility indicates that the tooth-supporting structures have been weakened, typically due to periodontal disease. This weakening compromises the stability and function of the affected teeth. [Q0071]
• Gingivosis is frequently caused by lichen planus. This condition manifests as desquamative gingivitis with sloughing of the gingival epithelium. [Q0072]
• Excessive fibrinolysis is the likely etiology of localized alveolar osteitis (dry socket). This condition results in the breakdown of the blood clot, leading to pain and delayed healing. [Q0105]
• Vertical bone resorption is a common feature of suprabony pockets in periodontitis. This type of bone loss indicates the severity of the periodontal disease. [Q0216]
• Periodontitis primarily affects the periodontal membrane, which includes the supporting structures of the teeth. Inflammation and infection lead to the destruction of these tissues. [Q0217]
• A false pocket, or pseudopocket, is formed due to gingival hyperplasia without actual loss of attachment. This condition can complicate periodontal assessment and treatment. [Q0220]
• Mastication does not prevent calculus formation; it is primarily influenced by factors like salivary flow and tooth surface roughness. Effective plaque control and regular dental cleanings are essential to prevent calculus buildup. [Q0221]
• Mesial pockets are more likely to be evident on periapical x-rays. These pockets can indicate localized periodontal disease. [Q0321]
• Zinc oxide-eugenol paste is known to aid in healing by providing a protective barrier and soothing effect. It is used in periodontal dressings to enhance recovery. [Q0331]
• A periodontal probe is the most accurate tool to measure and identify periodontal pockets. This instrument is essential for diagnosing the extent of periodontal disease. [Q0377]
• Chronic inflammatory periodontal disease typically begins in the marginal gingiva. Early intervention can prevent progression to more severe forms of periodontitis. [Q0386]
• Calculus is a major local factor contributing to periodontal disease by harboring plaque. Its removal is critical for periodontal health. [Q0387]
• Plaque is the most common cause of gingival irritation. Effective oral hygiene practices are necessary to prevent plaque accumulation and gingivitis. [Q0404]
• An occlusal interference from a new restoration can lead to thickening of the periodontal membrane as the periodontium adjusts to the altered occlusal forces. Proper occlusal adjustment is necessary to avoid periodontal complications. [Q0410]
• Overextension of the lining in the cavity does not typically lead to periodontal problems. Other factors such as poor restoration margins can contribute to periodontal disease. [Q0411]
• Periodontal pocket recession is indicated by apical migration of the epithelial attachment. This condition signifies the loss of periodontal support and requires intervention. [Q0417]
• Calculus can attach to the tooth surface through multiple mechanisms including acquired pellicle, interlocking to tooth crystals, and mechanical interlocking. These attachment mechanisms make calculus difficult to remove. [Q0418]
• Gingivitis commonly begins at the marginal gingiva. Early detection and treatment are crucial to prevent progression to periodontitis. [Q0421]
• Calculus is a significant local factor in the etiology of periodontal disease. Its removal is essential for maintaining periodontal health. [Q0422]
• Saliva’s buffering action neutralizes acids produced by bacteria, thus preventing the demineralization of tooth enamel and the development of caries. Maintaining adequate salivary flow is important for oral health. [Q0426]
• Probing the mesial, distal, and mid-facial areas helps detect furcation involvement in multi-rooted teeth. Early detection of furcation involvement is crucial for periodontal treatment planning. [Q0429]
• Bone resorption in a necrotic pulp of a deciduous molar commonly occurs at the bifurcation. This condition can complicate endodontic treatment and affect tooth stability. [Q0449]
• Cirrhosis of the liver can impair clotting mechanisms, leading to poor reaction to bleeding. This condition requires careful management during dental procedures. [Q0487]
• Lateral periodontal cysts are more common in the mandibular premolar-canine region. Accurate diagnosis is essential for appropriate treatment planning. [Q0511]
• Steven Johnson’s syndrome is not typically associated with periodontal destruction in primary teeth. Other systemic conditions may have a more direct impact on periodontal health. [Q0552]
• The Gingival Index by Loe and Silness is widely used to evaluate gingival health. It provides a standardized method for assessing the severity of gingivitis. [Q0554]
• The loss of gingival attachment is measured from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) to the base of the pocket. This measurement is critical for assessing the progression of periodontal disease. [Q0578]
• Absence of a clearly defined lamina dura can be due to improper radiograph angulation. Accurate radiographic technique is essential for proper periodontal assessment. [Q0579]
• HIV-associated periodontitis is characterized by reduced T4/T8 lymphocytes. This immunosuppression leads to increased susceptibility to periodontal infections. [Q0583]
• Drug-induced gingival enlargement is the most common cause. Medications such as anticonvulsants, immunosuppressants, and calcium channel blockers can contribute to this condition. [Q0585]
• Green stains on teeth are commonly caused by chromogenic bacteria, which produce pigmented deposits. These stains are typically found on the cervical third of the teeth. [Q0650]
• Leukocytes, particularly neutrophils, predominate in the early stages of gingivitis. Their presence indicates an active inflammatory response. [Q0655]
• Rapidly progressive periodontitis is often seen in adolescents and young adults, typically between the ages of 15 and 25. Early diagnosis and intervention are critical for managing this aggressive form of periodontitis. [Q0666]
• Hormonal changes during pregnancy can lead to increased blood flow to the gums, resulting in gingival enlargement and inflammation. This condition is commonly referred to as pregnancy gingivitis. [Q0675]
• Patients with defective neutrophils, such as in conditions like neutropenia, are more susceptible to severe periodontitis due to impaired immune response. This susceptibility necessitates rigorous periodontal management. [Q0678]
• Nasmyth’s membrane is a developmental residue on newly erupted teeth and is not considered in the gingival index, which assesses gingival health. Accurate assessment tools are essential for diagnosing periodontal conditions. [Q0696]
• Widening of the periodontal membrane space is commonly seen in scleroderma due to collagen deposition and fibrosis. This radiographic finding is important for diagnosing systemic conditions affecting the periodontium. [Q0728]
• Periodontitis has cyclic or burst progression with active and inactive phases. Understanding this pattern is crucial for effective periodontal treatment planning. [Q0787]
• Occlusal trauma does not directly cause true pocket formation. However, it can exacerbate existing periodontal conditions. [Q0789]
• True pocket formation and apical migration of the gingiva are significant clinical indicators of periodontal disease progression. These signs warrant comprehensive periodontal evaluation and intervention. [Q0790]
• Primary occlusal trauma is caused by excessive occlusal forces acting on teeth with a normal periodontium, leading to tooth mobility without associated inflammation. Addressing occlusal discrepancies can prevent further periodontal damage. [Q0863]
• Periodontal pocket depth is measured from the gingival margin to the base of the pocket. Accurate measurement is essential for diagnosing the severity of periodontal disease. [Q0886]
• A pocket depth of 4 mm or greater with light pressure indicates the presence of periodontitis, signifying attachment loss and bone resorption. Prompt treatment is necessary to prevent further periodontal destruction. [Q0887]
• Missing proximal contacts can lead to more severe periodontal disease due to food impaction and plaque accumulation. Restoring these contacts can improve periodontal health. [Q0889]
• In severe periodontitis, the probe can go beyond the connective tissues of the junctional epithelium. This deep probing indicates significant periodontal destruction. [Q0921]
• Mucogingival involvement is characterized by a pocket that extends to the mucogingival junction. This condition requires specific surgical interventions to restore periodontal health. [Q0922]
• Mobility is not a characteristic of gingivitis; it is usually associated with periodontitis, which involves deeper periodontal structures. Accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment planning. [Q0957]
• Gingivitis is not typically caused by diabetes itself, though diabetes can exacerbate the condition. Proper management of systemic health is important for periodontal health. [Q0959]
• Drug-induced gingival enlargement is a common cause of hyperplastic gingiva. Medications such as phenytoin, cyclosporine, and calcium channel blockers are often implicated. [Q3138]
• Checking for tooth mobility is a key clinical method to assess damage to supporting tissues. Mobility indicates compromised periodontal support. [Q3550]
• Gingival recession is more pronounced when the buccal soft tissues and bones are thin, especially in the front teeth. This condition can lead to increased sensitivity and aesthetic concerns. [Q3823]
• Healthy gingiva should not bleed on probing; bleeding indicates inflammation or disease. This finding is a key diagnostic criterion for gingivitis and periodontitis. [Q3877]
• Hereditary gingival fibromatosis can delay the eruption of teeth. This genetic condition causes excessive growth of gingival tissue, impacting dental development. [Q3884]
• Bleeding on probing typically indicates gingival disease. Immediate bleeding is a sign of active inflammation. [Q4029]
• Yes, these are characteristic symptoms of acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential to manage this painful condition. [Q4175]
• These tests are part of the standard procedure to evaluate underlying causes of prepubertal periodontitis. Identifying systemic factors is crucial for effective management. [Q4204]
• Juvenile periodontitis has a prevalence of approximately 1/1000. Early detection and intervention are critical for preventing severe periodontal damage. [Q4210]
• Localized aggressive periodontitis has a strong genetic component. Family history should be considered when diagnosing and planning treatment. [Q4259]
• Genetic predisposition is a major cause of juvenile periodontitis. Understanding genetic factors helps in the early identification and management of the disease. [Q4639]
• Resection involves removing a part of a tooth or tissue, while bicuspidization splits a tooth into two parts. Both procedures have specific indications and outcomes. [Q4740]
• Root caries are more common in older adults rather than youth. This condition is associated with gingival recession and decreased salivary flow. [Q4759]
• Stephan’s curve represents the pH changes in the mouth after sugar intake. It is a key concept in understanding the dynamics of dental caries formation. [Q4832]
• The rapid drop in pH after sugar intake is the most important feature of Stephan’s curve. This drop facilitates the demineralization process leading to caries. [Q4833]
• The percentage of 25-year-olds with periodontitis in the UK is approximately 0.15. This statistic highlights the importance of early periodontal intervention. [Q5533]
• Papillon-Lefevre syndrome is associated with prepubertal periodontitis. This genetic disorder significantly impacts periodontal health. [Q6021]
• Plasma cells are prominent in the late stages of chronic periodontitis, indicating an ongoing immune response. Their presence reflects the body’s attempt to combat the infection. [Q6067]
• Neutrophils are the first responders in the early stage of chronic periodontitis. Their role is crucial in the initial defense against periodontal pathogens. [Q6068]